Bacteria are microorganisms that have double-stranded circular DNA (except mycoplasmas) and a cell wall.
\nMost bacteria live outside the host cells, but some of them, such as Salmonella typhi, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Legionella, Mycobacterium, Chlamydia and Chlamydophila species, prefer to live and multiply inside the host cell, and some bacteria, such as Chlamydia and Rickettsia, are obligate intracellular pathogens.<\/p>\n
How to select and use antibiotics AB:<\/p>\n
AB should only be used when bacterial infection is confirmed by clinical and laboratory evidence. The use of AB in viral infections or fever of unknown cause is inappropriate and causes the patient to develop complications without benefiting him, and also leads to bacterial resistance. On the other hand, a group of bacterial infections, such as abscesses and foreign body infections, require surgical interventions and are not treated with antibiotics alone.<\/p>\n
Spectrum of activity of AB:
\nCultivating infections and obtaining their sensitivity to AB is very necessary and helpful for choosing the type of antibiotic. . Although in many cases, treatment is started before the culture and antibiogram results are obtained, this can actually be a seal of approval or disapproval of the treatment.
\nIt is best to use ABs with a specific range of effects rather than broad spectrum for antimicrobial treatment. In some cases, such as polymicrobial anaerobic infections or severe fevers in neutropenic patients, we are forced to use broad spectrum ABs.<\/p>\n
In any bacterial infection, it should be noted that; the most likely organism causing the infection will vary depending on the geographical location (different cities and even different hospitals in different cities) and depending on the time of infection and the age of the patient, and it may be necessary to use different treatments for a disease with a specific picture in different places and times. In severe infections, we also use the synergistic effect of antibiotics in the treatment of some strains. Synergistic effect means that by using a drug combination, we increase the effectiveness and speed of treatment, and a famous example of synergistic treatment is the use of an AB It is a cell wall destroyer such as beta-lactam or vancomycin along with an aminoglycoside.<\/p>\n
How antibiotics (AB) work:<\/p>\n
Some antibiotics have a bactericidal effect, meaning they kill and destroy bacteria and do this by different mechanisms, and some other ABs have a bacteriostatic effect, meaning they prevent the growth and reproduction of bacteria from causing disease. Of course, these definitions are not very precise, as some ABs have a bactericidal effect on some bacteria and a bacteriostatic effect on others. To determine the effective blood level of the drug and the time to reach this level of effect and peak effect, the following indicators are used for each AB.<\/p>\n
MIC: Minimum inhibitory concentration
\nThe minimum concentration of a bacteriostatic AB in vitro that can prevent the growth of bacteria.<\/p>\n
MBC: Minimum Bactericidal Concentration
\nThe minimum concentration of a bactericidal AB that causes the death of bacteria in vitro Be.<\/p>\n
Vancomycin:<\/p>\n
A bactericidal antibiotic that inhibits cell wall synthesis.<\/p>\n
This antibiotic can penetrate into the bile, pleural space, pericardial, synovial and ascitic fluid following intravenous administration. However, its penetration into the CSF is low and erratic. Vancomycin is excreted unchanged by glomerular filtration.<\/p>\n
The penetration of vancomycin into the spaces described above gives this antibiotic the ability to effectively eradicate infections caused by bacilli or gram-positive cocci (especially Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci resistant to penicillins and cephalosporins) and can therefore be part of the treatment of cholecystitis, pleurisy, pericarditis, joint infections and ascites.<\/p>\n
On the other hand, vancomycin is also used with a bacteriostatic mechanism in the treatment of some groups and strains of enterococci.<\/p>\n
Vancomycin is also the treatment of choice for endocarditis caused by the following bacteria:<\/p>\n
\u2013 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus<\/p>\n
Methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci, Streptococcus pneumoniae and B-hemolytic streptococci, Viridans streptococci and enterococci (if the patient is allergic to B-lactams) and infection with Cornea bacterium group JK<\/p>\n
It is recommended in cases where endocarditis due to a prosthetic valve is present or endocarditis due to enterococci is diagnosed. Vancomycin should be used with a synergistic AB in the treatment of the infection.<\/p>\n
Vancomycin is used as an alternative treatment in the treatment of penicillin-resistant pneumococcal meningitis, and in these cases, due to its irregular level of penetration into the CSF, concomitant use with a synergistic AB is recommended for better results.<\/p>\n
This drug is used as a preventive treatment for endocarditis in people with prosthetic heart valves or defective heart valves and who are allergic to penicillins, before dental procedures.<\/p>\n
In addition, since vancomycin has very low gastrointestinal absorption, its use orally in patients with Clostridium difficile diarrhea who have not responded to metronidazole treatment will be very fruitful. The only contraindication to the use of this drug is in patients with a history of allergy to this drug. Oral use of this drug in uncomplicated pregnancy (group B) and use of the injectable product (group C) is done only in cases where the benefits of use outweigh the risks. Vancomycin is secreted into human milk, but since it has low gastrointestinal absorption, it does not cause any particular problem in infants. However, it should not be administered during breastfeeding, if possible.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Bacteria are microorganisms that have double-stranded circular DNA (except mycoplasmas) and a cell wall. Most bacteria live outside the host cells, but some of them, such as Salmonella typhi, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Legionella, Mycobacterium, Chlamydia and Chlamydophila species, prefer to live and multiply inside the host cell, and some bacteria, such as Chlamydia and Rickettsia, are […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":7497,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[49],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7499","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-medical-pharma-en"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/afachemi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7499","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/afachemi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/afachemi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/afachemi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/afachemi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7499"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/afachemi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7499\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7500,"href":"https:\/\/afachemi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7499\/revisions\/7500"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/afachemi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7497"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/afachemi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7499"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/afachemi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7499"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/afachemi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7499"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}